In addition to plant-based that contain cellulose, animal-based precursors such as hairs, horns, claws, and hooves of animals are attractive kinds of biomass consisting of a fibrous structural protein called keratin. The activated carbon is derived from plant-based biomass such as rice husk, banana peel, cotton using various activation methods. The composition of these elements causes the type of biomass effect on the carbon produced. It contains organic chemical elements, such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, boron, sulfur, and other elements that influence yield, microstructure, conductivity, and capacitance. Biomass derived from plant and animal waste is a promising alternative because cheap, renewable, environmentally friendly, and abundant. Biomass is a natural resource for producing carbon material. Commonly, carbons are taken from fossil sources, which non-renewable, so alternative solutions are essential. Ĭarbon is a material that can store energy because of its good performance, environmentally friendly, and inexpensive. Therefore, to build a sustainable future, energy storage materials are non-fossil based produced using renewable resources via simple, low cost, and environmentally friendly methods, with controllable morphologies, high porosity, modified surface chemistry, and appropriate functionalities. Unfortunately, the source and electrical energy storage are now mainly based on fossil fuels that are finite and not renewable. However, most of the electrodes exhibit slow diffusivity of lithium ions due to their low active surface area, limiting the inner capacitive contribution of the active material, resulting in insufficient power and energy density. At present, carbon materials are generally used as electrode materials for LIBs due to their small surface change, structural stability during cycling, high-energy density, lightweight, and long lifespan, and abundance. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have received increasing interest in recent years due to their high-energy densities, long cycle lives, and environmental friendliness. The use of electronic devices in the community causes the need for batteries as electrical energy storage increases.
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